Violence... The story so far

Updated 21 April 2007

Perceived Rates of Violence Associated with Religion

If Humanity does not change, it will destroy itself. H G Wells

• Core Instigators: Sociopathic religious and secular extremists. Such people are quite able to hijack any hierarchical organization, such as a religion, business, or national government.
• Core Issues: On the causation side: Who's god is God? Who will rule the world? On the curative side: How can human population levels be limited to what the biosphere can safely sustain on both the local and world levels?
• Nature's Contribution: Will one society dictate to and subjugate all other societies in its fight for survival? This may be the way nature would have it, but is it right? (Our latest thinking here is that it is largely the Sociopath Next Door hijacking or co-opting hierarchical organizations and societies comprised predominently of Authoritarian Personalities at individual, community, state and world levels. For the American body politic, this involves an evolution from Manifest Destiny to American Interests -- a switch that is easy enough.)
• Core Solutions: These are manifold toward a goal where sufficient equality reigns within and among societies where both alienation and humiliation are relegated to the dust bin of history. The present world hegemon can play a vital role in getting this process started. Is it? Hardly; history will tell.

Terror in the Name of God by Jessica Stern is a must-read by anyone who cares about the future of humanity. Any scholar of terrorism will find new information in Ms. Stern's readable and engaging book. She obtained most of her data directly from the terrorists themselves. Ms. Stern provides deep insights into why Judaism, Christianity and Islam spawn so much violence. Ms Stern is not an armchair pundit; she traveled extensively to interview terrorists herself. By her own admission, she became a new person from the experience. Her findings are at once sobering, persuasive of the problem and encouraging -- with understanding of a problem can come control. Some excerpts follow:


In discussing Elaine Pagels' "The Origins of Satan," Stern goes on:


Islam also suffers the Judeo-Christian disease. This is how religious extremists behave. Stern again:


Stern could not be more right. We are sure that the Administration would agree -- publicly. Their actions, however, fully affirm they would rather "bring on" the danger than try to fix the fundamentals. In fact they have said as much on national media. Their political instincts are simply animalistic and authoritarian. Their goal is plutocratic dominance of the world through a new imperialism -- as indicated by their actions.

As long as followers believe, a leader can get away with anything, anything at all!

If we are serious about doing something about the roots of terror, there is plenty of fodder for further study on this website and resource references. Social conditions conducive to peace are well outlined by Varshney in his book, "Ethnic Conflict & Civil Life." It is a must-read for the statesperson, scholar, and citizen alike who are concerned with terror in our times. What Varshney has found is a way society can live with its Authoritarian self. His findings seem to explain the differences in violence between Washington DC and Honolulu. Tokyo, the world's largest metro area, is likewise very peaceful as large cities go. There, we think other factors are operating--population homogeneity and religious tolerance, and of course these features support Varhsney's thesis in that integration, because of Tokyo's homogeniety, is even more complete than in the Indian cities. Many, maybe most, Japanese are also tolerant; they believe in two or more religions! And it works. See Peaceful Cities for more discussion.

While Varshney provides a road map for reducing social strife in bimodal societies, Stern delves further into the religious (primarily monotheistic) causes of social strife.

Unless we understand terrorism at its most basic levels, we shall never control it.

For the statesman, what not to do is well illustrated in Barbara Tuchman's book "March of Folly" and by the current Bush trajectory of repeating Tuchman's historical theme. If there is a clear distinction between statesmanship and politics, it is in this very area.

Statesmen rise above the emotionally driven fray. Politicians look upon every fray as Armageddon.

On Line Research

What immediately follows is the result of a couple of hours surfing the Internet for the purpose of finding what, if any, differences there are among "religions" in their association with violence, whether instigating or receiving. Either way a report of violence on a web site is considered a unit of violence for this study. We addressed the associations by employing three search engines using standard phrases. We hope our illustrations and discussion of the details will encourage others to do likewise in order to find answers for themselves.

We compared eight "religions" with one another, using three of the most efficient search engines on the Internet. Our protocol employed the word violence and five other related words in the format: "religion and word," for example: "Buddhism and terror." Each website [URL] returned was counted as an event. The assumption is that the frequency of these word associations relates to the violence a religion is actually involved in. The latter is newsworthy and written about. Our survey was done in November 2003.

The number of events per million per religion was calculated with the following ranking.

Religion	Events	Adherents Millions	Events / Million
Judaism	255	14	18.2
Islam	16653	1300	12.8
Christianity	2044	2000	1.02
Buddhism	319	360	0.89
Sikhism	10	23	0.43
Atheism	135	850	0.16
Hinduism	55	900	0.061
Confucianism	12	225	0.053

The above table becomes more meaningful when normalized to multiples of atheism violence as shown below.

Religion	Multiples of Atheism
Judaism	113.8
Islam	80.0
Christianity	6.38
Buddhism	5.56
Sikhism	2.69
Atheism	1.00
Hinduism	0.381
Confucianism	0.331

That Christianity seems to get off lightly here is an artifact of our times. There is plenty in Christian history to be concerned about, the Crusades, the many European wars, the Inquisition, Witch Hunters, and in our most recent time, Bosnia, North Ireland, and Zionism--behind the scenes. Christians seem to have a short memory; their history is especially bloody and depraved. See Witch Hunts for a jolt to the memory.

The Buddhists are not violent but they can be violated. Buddhists are also peace activists and often get in harm's way. Atheism would have scored much higher in Stalin's time. Nevertheless, the history of organized terror has largely been the history of monotheism. It is certainly significant that reports of violence involving Jews were some 340 times those for Confucianism. The religious group that first and formally practiced terror as it is practiced today is Judaism, nearly two millennia ago.

Belief System	Events	Adherents-Millions	Events / Million
Monotheism	18952	3314	5.70
Eastern Religions	396	1508	0.26
Atheism	135	850	0.16

Normalizing the rank order to Atheism = 1, shows monotheism to be some 35 or so multiples more violent than atheism.

Belief System	Events / Million
Monotheism	35.6
Eastern Religions	1.6
Atheism	1.0

This ranking is a most disturbing result for the monotheists. Each monotheism is more interested in dominating the others than in doing something about the violence their extremist members initiate under one religious guise or another. Yet most monotheism adherents deeply believe theirs is a peaceful religion. Monotheism simply does not assure a peaceful society. Like democratization of totalitarian societies, reforms in the montheisms can only come from within. These are two sides of the same coin and change will not come quickly.

Why the disconnect? Could it be that Monotheism itself is an expression of the Authoritarian Personality? Could it be that most of us are in denial, ignorant of the facts, or both? If we could answer these questions, we would have an improved understanding of violence, terror and war and view of possible ways forward.

Like terror in the world, and Violence in American Cities, there is a wide range in the degrees by which "religions" are associated with violent activities in the Internet-accessible literature. Events reported for Judaism are over 340 times as frequent as for Confucianism. Atheism is below the middle of the pack, and this provides evidence that Atheists as a group are less violent than are monotheists. Monotheisms, as a group of religions, reported 5.7 events per million adherents while the four Eastern religions/philosophies averaged about 0.26 reported events per million. Monotheisms are some 22 fold more violent than the Eastern Religions and about 36 times more violent than atheism. Eighteen times as many web sites pair violent words with Judaism as with Christianity.

These results can hardly be all accidental. They reflect bad guys in the extremist wings. In this respect, monotheism is a lot like politics and business--a few extremists give the rest a bad name. A tiny fraction highjack the reins of power and cause havoc far beyond their numbers.

Basically, monotheists cannot agree on whose God is God and that issue is worth fighting over. Monotheism, in practice, is all about power in this world, not salvation in the next.

Organized secular violence also occurs; historically it is much more rare. Fundamentally, secular violence has the same roots as religious violence. Stalin's Communism was, in a practical sense, a religion, as was Hitler's Nazism. Ordinary people bought into each with all their hearts and souls.

These numbers find support and plausible explanation from several of our web pages on this site. See in particular:

Authoritarian personality -- This personality is encouraged by monotheism, which fits the high numbers above.

Global Issues -- deals with the Iraq crisis in an psycho-historic context, with Authoritarianism at the core.

Solutions -- Ashutosh Varshney found a marvelous insight into the causes of social violence between Hindus and Muslims. Social integration at all levels in society substantially reduces the incidence of violent social unrest. The Eastern Religions benefit from being more accepting than the monotheisms.

Zionism -- A movement that led to the confrontation in Palestine that is still going on. Zionists and Palestinians are both frequent terror perpetrators and victims; hence the high numbers observed for Judaism and Islam should be no surprise.

We think the Authoritarian Personality, when extreme, has much to do with both religion and violence. This is as much a social issue as it is psychological. The potential for terrorism is genetic and intrinsic. Any radicalizing social or psychological event brings an individual's potential for terrorism into reality. From there, terror becomes a simple matter of wherewithal.

Search Results

Date: 5 Nov 2003

Search Format Used: ["religion and 'term'"]

Search Example Used: "Buddhism and terror"

Events = Number Sites returning data.

Religious Adherents Resource: www.adherents.com

• Survey details of three leading search engines.
• Paired search-words appear in the headings and left column.
• Incidences appear in the intersections.

ALTAVISTA	Buddhism	Christianity	Islam	Judaism
Terror	1	1	176	2
Terrorism	2	17	2112	0
Violence	29	125	413	13
War	24	277	470	10
Murder	0	2	3	0
Genocide	0	8	2	8
Sub Tot	56	430	3176	33
GOOGLE	Buddhism	Christianity	Islam	Judaism
Terror	1	1	616	1
Terrorism	2	32	5620	3
Violence	78	288	979	27
War	99	624	1160	16
Murder	0	5	9	2
Genocide	0	20	7	30
Sub Tot	180	970	8391	79
TEOMA	Buddhism	Christianity	Islam	Judaism
Terror	2	1	249	1
Terrorism	0	28	3350	10
Violence	37	162	679	24
War	44	420	798	77
Murder	0	5	7	3
Genocide	0	28	3	28
Sub Tot	83	644	5086	143
Total Events	319	2044	16653	255
Adherents-millions	360	2000	1300	14
Events / million	0.89	1.02	12.81	18.21

ALTAVISTA	Hinduism	Atheism	Confucianism	Sikhism
Terror	2	0	0	0
Terrorism	0	6	0	2
Violence	6	4	0	0
War	6	10	3	0
Murder	0	2	0	0
Genocide	0	2	0	0
Sub Tot	14	24	3	2
GOOGLE	Hinduism	Atheism	Confucianism	Sikhism
Terror	3	1	0	0
Terrorism	3	9	0	4
Violence	11	10	0	0
War	12	38	6	1
Murder	0	8	0	0
Genocide	0	2	0	0
Sub Tot	29	68	6	5
TEOMA	Hinduism	Atheism	Confucianism	Sikhism
Terror	1	0	0	0
Terrorism	1	8	0	3
Violence	10	10	0	0
War	9	19	3	0
Murder	0	6	0	0
Genocide	0	0	0	0
Sub Tot	12<	43	3	3
Totals	55	135	12	10
Adherents-mil	900	850	225	23
Events / million	0.061	0.158	0.053	0.43

Notes on validity of data:

Three search engines selected for efficiency of search were used to minimize the sampling error from search engine differences. Google returned the most web sites, AltaVista the least.

Web sites will differ in many ways and the search engines employ various algorithms to find them. This variable was not controlled.

Website focus and the word associations used are a function of several things including the owner's bias, information available and its quality, and interpretations possible. For example, Atheism rate would have been influenced by the WWII era if Stalin and Hitler are classed as atheists. And the Eastern four religions may suffer underreporting in terms of information available relative to three monotheisms now in such heavy conflict. These variables also were not controlled.

Biased reporting distorts what the web masters, with their own biases, have to work with. Terror in North Ireland is all Christian, with reporting likely to be biased such that the religious issue is/was played down. Christian Serb terror in Bosnia seems not often to have been reported as an affect of religion on terror. So the Christian aspect of terror may have been underreported by a largely Christian press. If so, our conclusion would only be strengthened, violence and monotheism seem to go hand in hand.

Underreporting from Africa, Asia, and South America is another potential source of error. African terror events do not get onto the Internet with the same frequency as do events from Middle Eastern or Western countries.

Some of the word pairings might have a meaning opposite to the assumption; for example, Judaism and Islam can be both victim and perpetrator, or have a favorable or unfavorable effect on violence. In many such cases, both the victim and perpetrator would be mentioned. Still, our standard pairings of the search words requiring 'and' between them, such as "Buddhism and terror," should tend to balance out this error.

The religions themselves are disparate. Many people, for example, classify Buddhism and Confucianism as philosophies and Atheism as the lack of religion. One thing all religions provide is guidance for daily living while promising the equivilent of life everlasting and a purpose behind it all. Philosophies, that are influential culturally, similarly provide guidance for the here and now.

Alternate definitions can themselves be interpreted and researched with conclusions similar to those we draw; violence and the the sons and daughters of Abraham seem to go hand in hand. That does not mean a direct cause and effect. What seems to seal the association is that extremists find it easy to hijack, even subvert a monotheism. That is much harder to do with philosophies that do not demand hierarchy. See John Dean for a political impact, and Martha Stout for how it works on the individual level.

The elevated frequency of association of Buddhism (relative to the other Eastern "religions") with words of violence doubtless is caused by their being caught in the middle of violent acts between others. Nevertheless, "research" such as reported here should always be tested against reality. It appears that the Middle East has become a holy war of attrition.

Experts concur that the Eastern "minor religions" are indeed more peaceful than are the monotheisms. Since the patterns observed here are consistent with other pages on this site and the Internet, we believe the rank order is at least approximately right and that monotheism relates to terrorism more strongly than do the Eastern "religions or philosophies."

Finally, while the statistics cannot prove any specific cause and effect, the data still must be accounted for via cause(s) and effect(s). Varshney in his book, "Ethnic Conflict & Civil Life," has made a good start and so has Jessica Stern in her book, "Terror in the Name of God." Authoritarianism is a basic feature underlying the observations of both Stern and Varshney.

While the actual numbers we generated are in fact somewhat suspect, their large count and their extreme and "significant" differences in frequencies found, nevertheless, require serious attention be given to possible interpretations and explanations. This is the situation folks. Now, why is it so?

Discussion

Authoritarian Personalities behave in ways consistent with the above tables. Since all three monotheisms are basically authoritarian in their structures and teaching, while the Eastern religions are not, these considerations lead to the virtually certain conclusion that authoritarianism, when extreme--as in the case of sociopaths (one in twenty-five of all of us)--does indeed give rise to violence, as in Palestine and the Middle East.

Furthermore, the connection between terror and religion has been apparent to many for a long time. Much has been written and much has found its way to links on the Internet. Some follow.

• Mission Connections -- "Religion is a powerful force in Indonesia and has played a part in much of the violence, as well as in attempts to stop it."
• Professor John Hull -- "To have a religion to fall back on means being exempt from the normal standards of human rights. ...every major world religion and many minor ones are associated with terror."
• Boston Globe--"When President Bush last week signed the bill outlawing the torture of detainees, he quietly reserved the right to bypass the law under his powers as commander in chief."
• Terror In The Name Of God -- CBS News. "The Early Show co-anchor Hannah Storm: 'I'm deeply concerned that the war and, in particular what is perceived as an inept occupation, is bringing together a wide variety of groups that actually have different goals because they have a common enemy. And in Iraq, U.S. troops are a much easier target than they are in Afghanistan.'"
• The Indian Express -- "The odd attraction religion and violence have for each other has always baffled academics, journalists and policy planners, although the phenomenon is yet to receive the kind of intellectual scrutiny it deserves."

Rosemary Radford Ruether, Carpenter Professor of Feminist Theology, Pacific School of Religion, sums up her attitude toward the religious crises in the world today as follows:


How this plays out on today's American political arena may be summarized as follows:

We have declared that a war between good and evil has begun. Our language in fact mirrors that of the Islamic fundamentalists. Our leader declared: "I am a War President" on national television.

The Administration's utterances stir the same emotions that those of the Popes did in their crusading days. The Administration believes in its own absolute rightness and goodness and that of its Neocon cohorts. In view of the Neocon Manifesto, war on some ground must always be on the national agenda, just as Richard Clarke reported.

How can one explain these utterances other than as those of authoritarians?

Conclusions

Our findings are consistent with the expert views that the three monotheisms are multiples more violent than atheism or the Eastern religions or philosophies.

This feature leaves a troubling issue for humanity: If monotheism does give rise to violence, would peace result if only one monotheism were left to impose its will after an Armageddon style conflagration?

We think not. Look at their histories. Each of the major monotheisms has splintered into sects. In effect, "my god is better than your God" is the byline of monotheists--driven by the Authoritarian Personality -- hijacked by sociopaths, Martha Stout, of course. It has already happened in a mild but potentially very serious way. See John Dean for the political dynamic.

Monotheisms not only fight each other, they fight among themselves. And that is a hallmark of the Authoritarian Personality. Adorno labeled it and Milgram showed its presence in American society. All this was after Hitler defined the personality type Adorno labeled -- Authoritarianism.

We [Americans] are violent. That is why we don't ban guns. - Kris Rosenberg -

Truer words were never spoken. For more on religion and terror see: Psychology of Religion and 9/11

For additional history on Genocide see: Atrocities 1450 CE to the end of World War II.

Often overlooked is the genocide of the native Americans. For insights into their survival see: Genocide of the Mind

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